Data Design Interactive: Difference between revisions

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== History ==
== History ==
=== Formation ===
=== Formation ===
{{quote box |quote = I decided I wanted to break into the budget software market — I think the software industry could be killing itself with the £10 game. Budget software like Cascade's 50 Games compilation, has got to be value for money — if you only play each game on a 50 game compilation for ten minutes, then you’ve had over a day’s solid entertainment. |source = Stewart Green, ''CRASH''<ref name="Crash 28"/> |width  = 50%}}
{{quote box |quote = I decided I wanted to break into the budget software market — I think the software industry could be killing itself with the £10 game. Budget software like Cascade's [[Wikipedia:Cassette 50|50 Games compilation]], has got to be value for money — if you only play each game on a 50 game compilation for ten minutes, then you’ve had over a day’s solid entertainment. |source = Stewart Green, ''CRASH''<ref name="Crash 28"/> |width  = 50%}}


Data Design Systems was founded in 1983 by Stewart Green.<ref name="Crash 28"/><ref name="DDI history"/><ref name="Animation World"/> The previous year had seen the release of the [[Wikipedia:ZX Spectrum|ZX Spectrum]], an [[Wikipedia:8-bit computing|8-bit]] [[Wikipedia:Home computer|home computer]] that would go on to sell over five million units. While the Spectrum had inferior hardware compared to its competitors like the [[Wikipedia:Commodore 64|Commodore 64]] and the [[Wikipedia:BBC Micro|BBC Micro]], the low cost of both the computer and its [[Wikipedia:ZX Spectrum software#Tape|cassette-based games]] led to it becoming a successful gaming platform in the United Kingdom.<ref name="NME"/> Green had purchased a [[Wikipedia:ZX Spectrum|Spectrum]] soon after its release, and had spent his free time learning how to program on it before leaving his engineering apprenticeship to pursue a career in software development. He attempted to sell two of his earliest games, ''Alien'' and ''Bomber'', for £2 each at [[wikipedia:computer show|computer shows]]. After selling only a small number of copies, he decided that a compilation of multiple games on one cassette tape would sell better than individual games, as well as allow him to charge a higher price for the tape and let shops take in a larger profit margin.<ref name="Crash 28"/>
Data Design Systems was founded in 1983 by Stewart Green.<ref name="Crash 28"/><ref name="DDI history"/><ref name="Animation World"/> The previous year had seen the release of the [[Wikipedia:ZX Spectrum|ZX Spectrum]], an [[Wikipedia:8-bit computing|8-bit]] [[Wikipedia:Home computer|home computer]] that would go on to sell over five million units. While the Spectrum had inferior hardware compared to its competitors like the [[Wikipedia:Commodore 64|Commodore 64]] and the [[Wikipedia:BBC Micro|BBC Micro]], the low cost of both the computer and its [[Wikipedia:ZX Spectrum software#Tape|cassette-based games]] led to it becoming a successful gaming platform in the United Kingdom.<ref name="NME"/> Green had purchased a [[Wikipedia:ZX Spectrum|Spectrum]] soon after its release, and had spent his free time learning how to program on it before leaving his engineering apprenticeship to pursue a career in software development. He attempted to sell two of his earliest games, ''Alien'' and ''Bomber'', for £2 each at [[Wikipedia:computer show|computer shows]]. After selling only a small number of copies, he decided that a compilation of multiple games on one cassette tape would sell better than individual games, as well as allow him to charge a higher price for the tape and let shops take in a larger profit margin.<ref name="Crash 28"/>


[[File:DDS Luna Rover screenshot.png|thumb|256px|left|''Luna-Rover'', one of Data Design's earliest games]]
[[File:DDS Luna Rover screenshot.png|thumb|256px|left|''Luna-Rover'', one of Data Design's earliest games]]
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[[File:Crash Astrocade.jpg|thumb|220px|Stewart Green advertising ''The Astrocade Collection'']]
[[File:Crash Astrocade.jpg|thumb|220px|Stewart Green advertising ''The Astrocade Collection'']]
Development of ''The Astrocade Collection'' concluded in late 1985.<ref name="DDI history"/><ref name="Alien"/> It contained three previously-developed games, ''Alien'', ''Bomber'', and ''Luna-Rover'', as well as three original games, ''Caverns d'Or'', ''Simeon'', and ''Zombie Island''.<ref name="PCW 518"/><ref name="YS07"/> The collection's development ended up costing £3000. Green priced ''Astrocade'' at £4.50, but had difficulty distributing it; most distributors did not respond to him, and [[Wikipedia:WHSmith|Smith's]] wanted the the product to have a [[Wikipedia:Barcode|barcode]], which would cost him another £100. He initially sold copies of ''Astrocade'' by offering them on sale at local computer shops.<ref name="Crash 28"/> Lacking a budget for advertising, he sent copies of the collection packaged with a [[Wikipedia:Mars (chocolate bar)|Mars bar]] to computer magazines to encourage reviews.<ref name="Crash 27"/> An earlier version of ''Alien'' was also published as type-in machine code in the February 1986 issue of [[Wikipedia:Your Sinclair|''Your Sinclair'']].<ref name="YS02"/> Graeme Kidd from the ZX Spectrum magazine [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] interviewed Stewart Green at Data Design, which at the time was operated out of the front room of his house in [[wikipedia:Halesowen|Halesowen]]. The interview was published in the May 1986 issue of ''CRASH''; by that point, Green had sold only around one hundred copies of ''Astrocade''.<ref name="Crash 28"/> Following this, Green advertised the collection through various computer magazines, giving an address for viewers to [[wikipedia:mail order|mail order]] the game from.<ref name="YS07"/>
Development of ''The Astrocade Collection'' concluded in late 1985.<ref name="DDI history"/><ref name="Alien"/> It contained three previously-developed games, ''Alien'', ''Bomber'', and ''Luna-Rover'', as well as three original games, ''Caverns d'Or'', ''Simeon'', and ''Zombie Island''.<ref name="PCW 518"/><ref name="YS07"/> The collection's development ended up costing £3000. Green priced ''Astrocade'' at £4.50, but had difficulty distributing it; most distributors did not respond to him, and [[Wikipedia:WHSmith|Smith's]] wanted the the product to have a [[Wikipedia:Barcode|barcode]], which would cost him another £100. He initially sold copies of ''Astrocade'' by offering them on sale at local computer shops.<ref name="Crash 28"/> Lacking a budget for advertising, he sent copies of the collection packaged with a [[Wikipedia:Mars (chocolate bar)|Mars bar]] to computer magazines to encourage reviews.<ref name="Crash 27"/> An earlier version of ''Alien'' was also published as type-in machine code in the February 1986 issue of [[Wikipedia:Your Sinclair|''Your Sinclair'']].<ref name="YS02"/> Graeme Kidd from the ZX Spectrum magazine [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] interviewed Stewart Green at Data Design, which at the time was operated out of the front room of his house in [[Wikipedia:Halesowen|Halesowen]]. The interview was published in the May 1986 issue of ''CRASH''; by that point, Green had sold only around one hundred copies of ''Astrocade''.<ref name="Crash 28"/> Following this, Green advertised the collection through various computer magazines, giving an address for viewers to [[Wikipedia:mail order|mail order]] the game from.<ref name="YS07"/>


''The Astrocade Collection'' recieved mixed reviews from contemporary magazines. Reviewers criticised the quality and originality of the games in the collection, though were more positive about the collection's low price and the overall value per game, as well as about the collection being Data Design's first major publication.<ref name="PCW 518"/><ref name="YS07"/><ref name="Crash 29"/><ref name="CG15"/> Stewart Green responded with appreciation for the reviews, though he disagreed with the originality of the games being an issue ("How many [[Wikipedia:Exploding Fist|''Exploding Fist''s]] are there now?") and criticised ''Popular Computing Weekly'''s claim that ''Luna-Rover'' had graphics resembling those of a [[Wikipedia:ZX81|ZX81]] game.<ref name="PCW 526"/> From July 1986 onward, Data Design lowered the cost of ''Astrocade'' to £1.99 (plus 40p for postage and packaging).<ref name="CG16"/><ref name="YS09"/>
''The Astrocade Collection'' received mixed reviews from contemporary magazines. Reviewers criticised the quality and originality of the games in the collection, though were more positive about the collection's low price and the overall value per game, as well as about the collection being Data Design's first major publication.<ref name="PCW 518"/><ref name="YS07"/><ref name="Crash 29"/><ref name="CG15"/> Stewart Green responded with appreciation for the reviews, though he disagreed with the originality of the games being an issue ("How many [[Wikipedia:Exploding Fist|''Exploding Fist''s]] are there now?") and criticised ''Popular Computing Weekly'''s claim that ''Luna-Rover'' had graphics resembling those of a [[Wikipedia:ZX81|ZX81]] game.<ref name="PCW 526"/> From July 1986 onward, Data Design lowered the cost of ''Astrocade'' to £1.99 (plus 40p for postage and packaging).<ref name="CG16"/><ref name="YS09"/>


[[File:DDS logo 1987.jpg|thumb|220px|1987 Data Design logo]]
[[File:DDS logo 1987.jpg|thumb|220px|1987 Data Design logo]]
Green intended for ''Astrocade'' to supply him with funds while he developed a larger project. He announced the development of a [[Wikipedia:Play-by-mail game|play-by-mail game]] in his interview with ''CRASH''; Green believed that the previous summer had been the last chance for self-employed developers to start in the software market, and claimed that small software developers offered the best service for play-by-mail games.<ref name="Crash 28"/> Other Spectrum software Green developed and released during 1985–1986<ref name="DDI history"/> included ''Space Fright'', a reskin of ''Alien'',<ref name="Your Computer 14"/> ''Invadas'', a [[Wikipedia:Space Invaders|''Space Invaders'']] clone,<ref name="YS07 code"/> and ''Elite Editor'', an editor for the ZX Spectrum version of [[Wikipedia:David Braben|David Braben]] and [[Wikipedia:Ian Bell (programmer)|Ian Bell's]] [[Wikipedia:Elite (video game)|''Elite'']].<ref name="Crash 31"/><ref name="YS09 p93"/> Data Design Systems also published programs for ZX Spectrum software development, including ''BASIC +'', a collection of six programs for writing software in [[wikipedia:BASIC|BASIC]], in 1986,<ref name="YS09 p93"/><ref name="YS13"/> and ''Sprite Designer'', ''Printer'', and ''64 Column Display'' in 1987.<ref name="YS14 p100"/> ''BASIC +'' was originally released for £5.99,<ref name="YS09 p93"/> later increased to £12;<ref name="YS13"/> following the release of the other three programs it was priced at £10 while the others were available for £6 each, or all four could be purchased together for £14.<ref name="YS14 p100"/>
Green intended for ''Astrocade'' to supply him with funds while he developed a larger project. He announced the development of a [[Wikipedia:Play-by-mail game|play-by-mail game]] in his interview with ''CRASH''; Green believed that the previous summer had been the last chance for self-employed developers to start in the software market, and claimed that small software developers offered the best service for play-by-mail games.<ref name="Crash 28"/> Other Spectrum software Green developed and released during 1985–1986<ref name="DDI history"/> included ''Space Fright'', a reskin of ''Alien'',<ref name="Your Computer 14"/> ''Invadas'', a [[Wikipedia:Space Invaders|''Space Invaders'']] clone,<ref name="YS07 code"/> and ''Elite Editor'', an editor for the ZX Spectrum version of [[Wikipedia:David Braben|David Braben]] and [[Wikipedia:Ian Bell (programmer)|Ian Bell's]] [[Wikipedia:Elite (video game)|''Elite'']].<ref name="Crash 31"/><ref name="YS09 p93"/> Data Design Systems also published programs for ZX Spectrum software development, including ''BASIC +'', a collection of six programs for writing software in [[Wikipedia:BASIC|BASIC]], in 1986,<ref name="YS09 p93"/><ref name="YS13"/> and ''Sprite Designer'', ''Printer'', and ''64 Column Display'' in 1987.<ref name="YS14 p100"/> ''BASIC +'' was originally released for £5.99,<ref name="YS09 p93"/> later increased to £12;<ref name="YS13"/> following the release of the other three programs it was priced at £10 while the others were available for £6 each, or all four could be purchased together for £14.<ref name="YS14 p100"/>


=== Freelance programming ===
=== Freelance programming ===
In his interview with ''CRASH'', Stewart Green expressed concern that he may have to take up freelance work to survive as a small software house.<ref name="Crash 28"/>
In his interview with ''CRASH'', Stewart Green expressed concern that he may have to take up freelance work to survive as a small software house.<ref name="Crash 28"/>


[[File:PSS Annals of Rome battle.png|thumb|256px|Combat in ''Annals of Rome'']]
[[File:PSS Annals of Rome battle.png|thumb|256px|left|Losing a battle against the [[Wikipedia:Gauls|Gauls]] in ''Annals of Rome'']]
In 1986 Green programmed the ZX Spectrum version of [[Wikipedia:Annals of Rome|''Annals of Rome'']],<ref name="Crash 54"/><ref name="DDI history"/> a [[Wikipedia:Turn-based strategy|turn-based strategy]] game that puts the player in control of the [[Wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman Empire's]] military conquests over the course of centuries.<ref name="Crash 38"/> The game was designed by Dr. George Jaroszkiewicz, who wanted to create a historical simulation as an "exercise in socio-economic modelling."<ref name="TGM09"/><ref name="Goodfellow"/> Jaroszkiewicz originally programmed the game for [[Wikipedia:Amstrad CPC 464|Amstrad CPC 464]], and Personal Software Services hired other programmers to convert it to other home computer platforms, including A. D. Boyse and J. G. Langdale-Brown for the Commodore 64 version and Stewart Green for the ZX Spectrum version.<ref name="Goodfellow"/><ref name="Annals C64"/><ref name="Annals ZXS menu"/> Believing that video games were "not something for grown men to dabble in," Jaroszkiewicz left his name out of the game, using the alias "Rome Software" instead; Green's Spectrum port, however, credits Jaroszkiewicz (as E.M. Jaroszkiewicz) as its designer in-game.<ref name="Goodfellow"/><ref name="Annals ZXS menu"/> ''CRASH'''s Philippa Irving rated the Spectrum version of ''Annals of Rome'' ipositively, praising its attention to detail, but criticised its presentation and long periods of waiting during combat.<ref name="Crash 38"/> Tommy Nash of ''Your Sinclair'' likewise criticised its speed, which he blamed on it being programmed in BASIC, and called its interface "incomprehensible."<ref name="YS14"/> Steve Badsey of [[Wikipedia:Computer and Video Games|''Computer + Video Games'']] preferred the Spectrum version's graphics over those of the later Commodore 64 release, but reported that it had numerous bugs and frequently generated "impossibly large armies", which PSS allegedly blamed on the Spectrum's [[wikipedia:Random number generation|random number generator]].<ref name="CVG75"/>
One of Green's first freelance jobs was programming the ZX Spectrum version of [[Wikipedia:Annals of Rome|''Annals of Rome'']],<ref name="Crash 54"/><ref name="DDI history"/> a [[Wikipedia:Turn-based strategy|turn-based strategy]] game that puts the player in control of the [[Wikipedia:Roman army|Roman army's]] military conquests over the course of centuries.<ref name="Crash 38"/> The game was designed by Dr. George Jaroszkiewicz, who wanted to create a historical simulation as an "exercise in socio-economic modelling."<ref name="TGM09"/><ref name="Goodfellow"/> Jaroszkiewicz originally programmed the game for [[Wikipedia:Amstrad CPC 464|Amstrad CPC 464]], and Personal Software Services hired other programmers to convert it to other home computer platforms.<ref name="Goodfellow"/><ref name="Crash 47"/> Believing that video games were seen as "not something for grown men to dabble in," Jaroszkiewicz left his name out of the game, using the alias "Rome Software" instead; Green's Spectrum port, however, credits Jaroszkiewicz (as E.M. Jaroszkiewicz) as its designer in-game.<ref name="Goodfellow"/><ref name="Annals ZXS menu"/> The game released in November 1986.<ref name="SU58"/> ''CRASH'''s Philippa Irving rated the Spectrum version of ''Annals of Rome'' positively, praising its attention to detail, but criticised its presentation and long periods of waiting during combat, as well as its "entertaining" bugs.<ref name="Crash 38"/><ref name="Crash 47"/> Tommy Nash of ''Your Sinclair'' likewise criticised its speed, which he blamed on it being programmed in BASIC, and called its interface "incomprehensible."<ref name="YS14"/> Steve Badsey of [[Wikipedia:Computer and Video Games|''Computer + Video Games'']] preferred the Spectrum version's graphics over those of the later Commodore 64 release, but reported that it had numerous bugs and frequently generated "impossibly large armies", which PSS allegedly blamed on the Spectrum's [[Wikipedia:Random number generation|random number generator]].<ref name="CVG75"/>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Alien">Green, Stewart (1 November 1985). ''Alien'' (ZX Spectrum) (''Astrocade'' version). Data Design Systems. Title screen. "© 1.11.85".</ref>
<ref name="Alien">Green, Stewart (1 November 1985). ''Alien'' (ZX Spectrum) (''Astrocade'' version). Data Design Systems. Title screen. "© 1.11.85".</ref>
<ref name="Annals C64">PSS (1986). ''Annals of Rome'' (Commodore 64). Personal Software Services. Title screen. "Annals of Rome © MCMLXXXVII – Conversion by A.D. Boyse & J.G. Langdale-Brown".</ref>


<ref name="Annals ZXS menu">Green, Stewart (1986). ''Annals of Rome'' (ZX Spectrum). Data Design Systems. Menu screen. "Design: E.M. Jaroszkiewicz Ph.D / Program: DDS, S. Green".</ref>
<ref name="Annals ZXS menu">Green, Stewart (1986). ''Annals of Rome'' (ZX Spectrum). Data Design Systems. Menu screen. "Design: E.M. Jaroszkiewicz Ph.D / Program: DDS, S. Green".</ref>
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<ref name="Animation World">Younghusband, Paul (February 2001). [https://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.11/5.11pages/younghusbandartworld.php3 "A One Stop Digital Shop: Data Design Interactive and Artworld UK"]. [[Wikipedia:Animation World|''Animation World Magazine'']]. Vol. 5, No. 11. AWN, Inc. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230118045641/https://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.11/5.11pages/younghusbandartworld.php3 Archived] from the original on 18 January 2023. Mirror available at [https://www.awn.com/animationworld/one-stop-digital-shop-data-design-interactive-and-artworld-uk Animation World Network].</ref>
<ref name="Animation World">Younghusband, Paul (February 2001). [https://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.11/5.11pages/younghusbandartworld.php3 "A One Stop Digital Shop: Data Design Interactive and Artworld UK"]. [[Wikipedia:Animation World|''Animation World Magazine'']]. Vol. 5, No. 11. AWN, Inc. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230118045641/https://www.awn.com/mag/issue5.11/5.11pages/younghusbandartworld.php3 Archived] from the original on 18 January 2023. Mirror available at [https://www.awn.com/animationworld/one-stop-digital-shop-data-design-interactive-and-artworld-uk Animation World Network].</ref>


<ref name="CG15">Hetherington, Tony (June 1986). [https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_15_1986-06_Argus_Press_GB/page/n38/mode/1up?view=theater "Adventure Reviews"]. [[wikipedia:Computer Gamer|''Computer Gamer'']]. No. 15. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 39.</ref>
<ref name="CG15">Hetherington, Tony (June 1986). [https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_15_1986-06_Argus_Press_GB/page/n38/mode/1up?view=theater "Adventure Reviews"]. [[Wikipedia:Computer Gamer|''Computer Gamer'']]. No. 15. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 39.</ref>


<ref name="CG16">[https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_16_1986-07_Argus_Press_GB/page/n28/mode/1up?view=theater ''Astrocade'' advertisement]. [[wikipedia:Computer Gamer|''Computer Gamer'']]. No. 16, July 1986. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 29.</ref>
<ref name="CG16">[https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_16_1986-07_Argus_Press_GB/page/n28/mode/1up?view=theater ''Astrocade'' advertisement]. [[Wikipedia:Computer Gamer|''Computer Gamer'']]. No. 16, July 1986. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 29.</ref>


<ref name="Crash 27">Mangram, Lloyd (April 1986). [https://archive.org/details/Crash_No._27_1986-04_Newsfield_GB/page/n111/mode/1up?view=theater "Merely Mangram"]. [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']]. No. 27. [[Wikipedia:Argus Specialist Publications|Argus Specialist Publications]]. p. 112.</ref>
<ref name="Crash 27">Mangram, Lloyd (April 1986). [https://archive.org/details/Crash_No._27_1986-04_Newsfield_GB/page/n111/mode/1up?view=theater "Merely Mangram"]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']]. No. 27. [[Wikipedia:Argus Specialist Publications|Argus Specialist Publications]]. p. 112.</ref>


<ref name="Crash 28">Kidd, Graeme (May 1986). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/28/dds.htm "This Little Proggy Went To Market..."]. [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 28. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 76. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230625034910/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/28/dds.htm Archived] from the original on 25 June 2023.</ref>
<ref name="Crash 28">Kidd, Graeme (May 1986). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/28/dds.htm "This Little Proggy Went To Market..."]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 28. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 76. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230625034910/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/28/dds.htm Archived] from the original on 25 June 2023.</ref>


<ref name="Crash 29">Kidd, Graeme (June 1986). [https://archive.org/details/crash-magazine-29/page/n97/mode/2up?view=theater "The Games Gatherings"]. [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']]. No. 29. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. pp. 98–99.</ref>
<ref name="Crash 29">Kidd, Graeme (June 1986). [https://archive.org/details/crash-magazine-29/page/n97/mode/2up?view=theater "The Games Gatherings"]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']]. No. 29. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. pp. 98–99.</ref>


<ref name="Crash 31">Green, Stewart (August 1986). [https://archive.org/details/crash-magazine-31/page/n58/mode/1up?view=theater "Six games for £1.99"]. [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']]. No. 31. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 59.</ref>
<ref name="Crash 31">Green, Stewart (August 1986). [https://archive.org/details/crash-magazine-31/page/n58/mode/1up?view=theater "Six games for £1.99"]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']]. No. 31. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 59.</ref>


<ref name="Crash 38">Irving, Philippa (July 1988). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm "Frontline with Philippa Irving"]. [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 54. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 63. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053056/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm Archived] from the original on 28 June 2023.</ref>
<ref name="Crash 38">Irving, Philippa (July 1988). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm "Frontline with Philippa Irving"]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 38. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 63. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053056/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm Archived] from the original on 28 June 2023.</ref>


<ref name="Crash 54">Irving, Philippa (July 1988). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm "Frontline with Philippa Irving"]. [[wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 54. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 63. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053056/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm Archived] from the original on 28 June 2023.</ref>
<ref name="Crash 47">Irving, Philippa (July 1988). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/47/frontline.htm "Frontline with Philippa Irving"]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 47. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 48. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230630050832/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/47/frontline.htm Archived] from the original on 30 June 2023.</ref>
 
<ref name="Crash 54">Irving, Philippa (July 1988). [https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm "Frontline with Philippa Irving"]. [[Wikipedia:Crash (magazine)|''CRASH'']] - The Online Edition. No. 54. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield|Newsfield Publications Ltd]]. p. 63. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053056/https://www.crashonline.org.uk/54/frontline.htm Archived] from the original on 28 June 2023.</ref>


<ref name="CVG75">Badsey, Steve (January 1988). [https://archive.org/details/ComputerAndVideoGamesIssue075Jan88/page/n45/mode/1up?view=theater "Annals of Rome"]. [[Wikipedia:Computer and Video Games|''Computer + Video Games'']]. Issue 76. [[Wikipedia:Future Publishing|Future Publishing]]. p. 46.</ref>
<ref name="CVG75">Badsey, Steve (January 1988). [https://archive.org/details/ComputerAndVideoGamesIssue075Jan88/page/n45/mode/1up?view=theater "Annals of Rome"]. [[Wikipedia:Computer and Video Games|''Computer + Video Games'']]. Issue 76. [[Wikipedia:Future Publishing|Future Publishing]]. p. 46.</ref>
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<ref name="PCW 526">Green, Stewart (26 June 1986). [https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1986-06-26/page/n9/mode/1up?view=theater "Review reaction"]. [[Wikipedia:Popular Computing Weekly|''Popular Computing Weekly'']]. Vol. 5 No. 26. [[Wikipedia:Sunshine Publications|Sunshine Publications]]. p. 10.</ref>
<ref name="PCW 526">Green, Stewart (26 June 1986). [https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1986-06-26/page/n9/mode/1up?view=theater "Review reaction"]. [[Wikipedia:Popular Computing Weekly|''Popular Computing Weekly'']]. Vol. 5 No. 26. [[Wikipedia:Sunshine Publications|Sunshine Publications]]. p. 10.</ref>
<ref name="SU58">Douglas, Jim (January 1987). [https://archive.org/details/ComputerAndVideoGamesIssue064Feb87/page/n36/mode/1up?view=theater "What is it Good For?"].  [[Wikipedia:Sinclair User|''Sinclair User'']]. No. 58. [[Wikipedia:EMAP|EMAP]]. p. 124.</ref>


<ref name="TGM09">Frey, Oliver (ed.) (August 1988). [https://archive.org/details/thegamesmachine-09/page/n59/mode/1up?view=theater "All This and Barbarians Too"]. [[Wikipedia:The Games Machine|''The Games Machine'']]. Issue 9. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield Publications|Newsfield Publications]]. p. 60.</ref>
<ref name="TGM09">Frey, Oliver (ed.) (August 1988). [https://archive.org/details/thegamesmachine-09/page/n59/mode/1up?view=theater "All This and Barbarians Too"]. [[Wikipedia:The Games Machine|''The Games Machine'']]. Issue 9. [[Wikipedia:Newsfield Publications|Newsfield Publications]]. p. 60.</ref>

Revision as of 06:40, 30 June 2023

Data Design's logo introduced in 1999

Data Design Interactive was a British video game company. Founded in 1983 by Stewart Green as Data Design Systems, the company started off creating budget software for the ZX Spectrum.

History

Formation

I decided I wanted to break into the budget software market — I think the software industry could be killing itself with the £10 game. Budget software like Cascade's 50 Games compilation, has got to be value for money — if you only play each game on a 50 game compilation for ten minutes, then you’ve had over a day’s solid entertainment.

Stewart Green, CRASH[1]

Data Design Systems was founded in 1983 by Stewart Green.[1][2][3] The previous year had seen the release of the ZX Spectrum, an 8-bit home computer that would go on to sell over five million units. While the Spectrum had inferior hardware compared to its competitors like the Commodore 64 and the BBC Micro, the low cost of both the computer and its cassette-based games led to it becoming a successful gaming platform in the United Kingdom.[4] Green had purchased a Spectrum soon after its release, and had spent his free time learning how to program on it before leaving his engineering apprenticeship to pursue a career in software development. He attempted to sell two of his earliest games, Alien and Bomber, for £2 each at computer shows. After selling only a small number of copies, he decided that a compilation of multiple games on one cassette tape would sell better than individual games, as well as allow him to charge a higher price for the tape and let shops take in a larger profit margin.[1]

Luna-Rover, one of Data Design's earliest games

Green applied for the UK government’s Enterprise Allowance Scheme, an initiative which gave an income of £40 per week for one year to anyone unemployed who wanted to set up their own business and had £1000 of their own funds to invest in the project.[1][5] Deciding to develop for the budget software market, he began work on Astrocade, a collection of six games on one tape. While programming it, he learned how to run a business from three free interviews with the Business Advice Centre that the Enterprise Allowance Scheme gave him. Green wanted the compilation to be sold in a large package; he initially planned to use the same cardboard boxes that Beyond Software games used, before he found out that the cardboard dies for that would cost at least £800 and decided to use video boxes instead. Not wanting to pay "hundreds of pounds for a simple piece of artwork," Green got an art student from a local school to create box art for free as portfolio work. Getting game screenshots took two weeks due to the photographer hired not knowing how to take photographs of a television screen.[1]

Stewart Green advertising The Astrocade Collection

Development of The Astrocade Collection concluded in late 1985.[2][6] It contained three previously-developed games, Alien, Bomber, and Luna-Rover, as well as three original games, Caverns d'Or, Simeon, and Zombie Island.[7][8] The collection's development ended up costing £3000. Green priced Astrocade at £4.50, but had difficulty distributing it; most distributors did not respond to him, and Smith's wanted the the product to have a barcode, which would cost him another £100. He initially sold copies of Astrocade by offering them on sale at local computer shops.[1] Lacking a budget for advertising, he sent copies of the collection packaged with a Mars bar to computer magazines to encourage reviews.[9] An earlier version of Alien was also published as type-in machine code in the February 1986 issue of Your Sinclair.[10] Graeme Kidd from the ZX Spectrum magazine CRASH interviewed Stewart Green at Data Design, which at the time was operated out of the front room of his house in Halesowen. The interview was published in the May 1986 issue of CRASH; by that point, Green had sold only around one hundred copies of Astrocade.[1] Following this, Green advertised the collection through various computer magazines, giving an address for viewers to mail order the game from.[8]

The Astrocade Collection received mixed reviews from contemporary magazines. Reviewers criticised the quality and originality of the games in the collection, though were more positive about the collection's low price and the overall value per game, as well as about the collection being Data Design's first major publication.[7][8][11][12] Stewart Green responded with appreciation for the reviews, though he disagreed with the originality of the games being an issue ("How many Exploding Fists are there now?") and criticised Popular Computing Weekly's claim that Luna-Rover had graphics resembling those of a ZX81 game.[13] From July 1986 onward, Data Design lowered the cost of Astrocade to £1.99 (plus 40p for postage and packaging).[14][15]

1987 Data Design logo

Green intended for Astrocade to supply him with funds while he developed a larger project. He announced the development of a play-by-mail game in his interview with CRASH; Green believed that the previous summer had been the last chance for self-employed developers to start in the software market, and claimed that small software developers offered the best service for play-by-mail games.[1] Other Spectrum software Green developed and released during 1985–1986[2] included Space Fright, a reskin of Alien,[16] Invadas, a Space Invaders clone,[17] and Elite Editor, an editor for the ZX Spectrum version of David Braben and Ian Bell's Elite.[18][19] Data Design Systems also published programs for ZX Spectrum software development, including BASIC +, a collection of six programs for writing software in BASIC, in 1986,[19][20] and Sprite Designer, Printer, and 64 Column Display in 1987.[21] BASIC + was originally released for £5.99,[19] later increased to £12;[20] following the release of the other three programs it was priced at £10 while the others were available for £6 each, or all four could be purchased together for £14.[21]

Freelance programming

In his interview with CRASH, Stewart Green expressed concern that he may have to take up freelance work to survive as a small software house.[1]

Losing a battle against the Gauls in Annals of Rome

One of Green's first freelance jobs was programming the ZX Spectrum version of Annals of Rome,[22][2] a turn-based strategy game that puts the player in control of the Roman army's military conquests over the course of centuries.[23] The game was designed by Dr. George Jaroszkiewicz, who wanted to create a historical simulation as an "exercise in socio-economic modelling."[24][25] Jaroszkiewicz originally programmed the game for Amstrad CPC 464, and Personal Software Services hired other programmers to convert it to other home computer platforms.[25][26] Believing that video games were seen as "not something for grown men to dabble in," Jaroszkiewicz left his name out of the game, using the alias "Rome Software" instead; Green's Spectrum port, however, credits Jaroszkiewicz (as E.M. Jaroszkiewicz) as its designer in-game.[25][27] The game released in November 1986.[28] CRASH's Philippa Irving rated the Spectrum version of Annals of Rome positively, praising its attention to detail, but criticised its presentation and long periods of waiting during combat, as well as its "entertaining" bugs.[23][26] Tommy Nash of Your Sinclair likewise criticised its speed, which he blamed on it being programmed in BASIC, and called its interface "incomprehensible."[29] Steve Badsey of Computer + Video Games preferred the Spectrum version's graphics over those of the later Commodore 64 release, but reported that it had numerous bugs and frequently generated "impossibly large armies", which PSS allegedly blamed on the Spectrum's random number generator.[30]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Kidd, Graeme (May 1986). "This Little Proggy Went To Market...". CRASH - The Online Edition. No. 28. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 76. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 History. datadesign.uk.com. Data Design Interactive. Archived from the original on 16 December 2004.
  3. ↑ Younghusband, Paul (February 2001). "A One Stop Digital Shop: Data Design Interactive and Artworld UK". Animation World Magazine. Vol. 5, No. 11. AWN, Inc. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Mirror available at Animation World Network.
  4. ↑ Mason, Graeme (18 February 2022). "ZX Spectrum at 40: a look back". NME. Archived from the original on 23 June 2023.
  5. ↑ Dellheim, Charles (1 July 1996). "Thatcher's Self Employment". Inc. Archived from the original on 15 April 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  6. ↑ Green, Stewart (1 November 1985). Alien (ZX Spectrum) (Astrocade version). Data Design Systems. Title screen. "© 1.11.85".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taylor, Graham (1 May 1986). "New releases". Popular Computing Weekly. Vol. 5 No. 18. Sunshine Publications. pp. 44–45.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Phillips, Max (July 1986). "Screen Shots". Your Sinclair. Issue 7. Sportscene Specialist Press. p. 61.
  9. ↑ Mangram, Lloyd (April 1986). "Merely Mangram". CRASH. No. 27. Argus Specialist Publications. p. 112.
  10. ↑ Cox, Kevin (ed.) (February 1986). "Alien by Stewart Green". Your Sinclair. Issue 2. Sportscene Specialist Press. pp. 48–52.
  11. ↑ Kidd, Graeme (June 1986). "The Games Gatherings". CRASH. No. 29. Newsfield Publications Ltd. pp. 98–99.
  12. ↑ Hetherington, Tony (June 1986). "Adventure Reviews". Computer Gamer. No. 15. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 39.
  13. ↑ Green, Stewart (26 June 1986). "Review reaction". Popular Computing Weekly. Vol. 5 No. 26. Sunshine Publications. p. 10.
  14. ↑ Astrocade advertisement. Computer Gamer. No. 16, July 1986. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 29.
  15. ↑ South, Phil (September 1986). "Frontlines". Your Sinclair. Issue 9. Sportscene Specialist Press. p. 5.
  16. ↑ Evans, Gary (ed.) (May 1986). "Software Exchange". Your Computer. Vol. 6 No. 5. Focus Investments Ltd. p. 66.
  17. ↑ Cox, Kevin (ed.) (July 1986). "Invadas by Stewart Green". Your Sinclair. Issue 7. p. 48.
  18. ↑ Green, Stewart (August 1986). "Six games for £1.99". CRASH. No. 31. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 59.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Green, Stewart (September 1986). "Data Design". Your Sinclair. Issue 9. p. 93.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Green, Stewart (January 1987). "Data Design". Your Sinclair. Issue 13. Sportscene Specialist Press. p. 123.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Green, Stewart (February 1987). "D.D.S. The Programming Specialists". Your Sinclair. Issue 14. Sportscene Specialist Press. p. 100.
  22. ↑ Irving, Philippa (July 1988). "Frontline with Philippa Irving". CRASH - The Online Edition. No. 54. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 63. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Irving, Philippa (July 1988). "Frontline with Philippa Irving". CRASH - The Online Edition. No. 38. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 63. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023.
  24. ↑ Frey, Oliver (ed.) (August 1988). "All This and Barbarians Too". The Games Machine. Issue 9. Newsfield Publications. p. 60.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Goodfellow, Troy (17 March 2008). "Annals of Rome – The Designer’s Perspective". Flash of Steel. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Irving, Philippa (July 1988). "Frontline with Philippa Irving". CRASH - The Online Edition. No. 47. Newsfield Publications Ltd. p. 48. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023.
  27. ↑ Green, Stewart (1986). Annals of Rome (ZX Spectrum). Data Design Systems. Menu screen. "Design: E.M. Jaroszkiewicz Ph.D / Program: DDS, S. Green".
  28. ↑ Douglas, Jim (January 1987). "What is it Good For?". Sinclair User. No. 58. EMAP. p. 124.
  29. ↑ Nash, Tommy (February 1987). "Annals of Rome". Your Sinclair. Issue 14. Sportscene Specialist Press. p. 85.
  30. ↑ Badsey, Steve (January 1988). "Annals of Rome". Computer + Video Games. Issue 76. Future Publishing. p. 46.
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