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'''''Kipper''''' is a British stop-motion [[Wikipedia:Television advertisement|television commercial]] first aired in 1980. Narrated by a [[Wikipedia:Tommy Cooper|Tommy Cooper]] [[Wikipedia:Sound-alike|sound-alike]], the ad features two LEGO animals duelling by transforming into different things, demonstrating the versatility of the toy.
'''''Kipper''''' is a British stop-motion [[Wikipedia:Television advertisement|television commercial]] first aired in 1980. It was conceived by Mike Cozens and Graham Watson at [[Wikipedia:TBWA Worldwide|TBWA\London]], produced by [[Wikipedia:Clearwater Features|Clearwater Films]], and directed by [[Wikipedia:Ken Turner (director)|Ken Turner]]. Narrated by a [[Wikipedia:Tommy Cooper|Tommy Cooper]] [[Wikipedia:Sound-alike|sound-alike]], the ad features two LEGO animals duelling by transforming into different things, demonstrating the versatility of the toy.


== Summary ==
== Summary ==
Line 35: Line 35:
''Kipper'' was created by [[Wikipedia:Copywriting|copywriter]] Mike Cozens and [[Wikipedia:Art director|art director]] Graham Watson at the London branch of the [[Wikipedia:Advertising agency|advertising agency]] [[Wikipedia:TBWA Worldwide|TBWA]].<ref name="Cook 1981"/>{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=252}} Cozens and Watson had joined TBWA\London together in February 1980 after leaving the [[Wikipedia:Collett Dickenson Pearce|Collett Dickenson Pearce]] agency; after pitching an ad for [[Wikipedia:Knorr (brand)|Knorr]] on their first day there, the two started writing the script for ''Kipper'' on their second day.{{sfn|Watson|2023}}{{sfn|Hegarty|1979}}<ref name="Dye interview Cozens"/> They developed a few print advertisements for [[LEGO UK Ltd]] before being briefed on the television project.{{sfn|Watson|2023}} The commercial had to be created on a limited budget; Cozens and Watson did not want to resort to making a "dull" presenter-style commercial, and spent numerous late nights developing the concept and working with the accounting team to get script approval.{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}}
''Kipper'' was created by [[Wikipedia:Copywriting|copywriter]] Mike Cozens and [[Wikipedia:Art director|art director]] Graham Watson at the London branch of the [[Wikipedia:Advertising agency|advertising agency]] [[Wikipedia:TBWA Worldwide|TBWA]].<ref name="Cook 1981"/>{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=252}} Cozens and Watson had joined TBWA\London together in February 1980 after leaving the [[Wikipedia:Collett Dickenson Pearce|Collett Dickenson Pearce]] agency; after pitching an ad for [[Wikipedia:Knorr (brand)|Knorr]] on their first day there, the two started writing the script for ''Kipper'' on their second day.{{sfn|Watson|2023}}{{sfn|Hegarty|1979}}<ref name="Dye interview Cozens"/> They developed a few print advertisements for [[LEGO UK Ltd]] before being briefed on the television project.{{sfn|Watson|2023}} The commercial had to be created on a limited budget; Cozens and Watson did not want to resort to making a "dull" presenter-style commercial, and spent numerous late nights developing the concept and working with the accounting team to get script approval.{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}}


[[File:Kipper - Lego Dragon in the office (cropped).jpg|thumb|The dragon model from ''Kipper''; only its front half is visible in the advertisement]]
[[File:David Lyall - Old King Cole, 1980 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Kipper'''s LEGO models were built by David Lyall, seen here holding the mouse]]


The LEGO models used in ''Kipper'' were created by [[David Lyall]], a LEGO model designer at [[LEGO UK Ltd]].<ref name="Bricks 'n Pieces 1981-1"/><ref name="Cook 1981"/> Lyall made two versions of each model: one glued version, and one to be assembled and disassembled during [[Wikipedia:Stop motion|stop motion]] filming.{{sfn|Watson|Cozens|Bearman|1980}} The largest model built for the advertisement, the dragon, contained around {{formatnum:20000}} LEGO bricks.{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}}
The LEGO models used in ''Kipper'' were created by [[David Lyall]], a LEGO model designer at [[LEGO UK Ltd]].<ref name="Bricks 'n Pieces 1981-1"/><ref name="Cook 1981"/> Lyall made two versions of each model: one glued version, and one to be assembled and disassembled during [[Wikipedia:Stop motion|stop motion]] filming.{{sfn|Watson|Cozens|Bearman|1980}} The largest model built for the advertisement, the dragon, contained around {{formatnum:20000}} LEGO bricks.{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}}


[[File:David Lyall - Old King Cole, 1980 (cropped).jpg|thumb|David Lyall holding the mouse model]]
[[File:Kipper - Lego Dragon in the office (cropped).jpg|thumb|The dragon model from ''Kipper''; only its front half is visible in the advertisement]]


''Kipper'' was produced at [[Wikipedia:Clearwater Features|Clearwater Films]], a studio founded by former [[Wikipedia:AP Films|Century 21]] directors [[Wikipedia:Ken Turner (director)|Ken Turner]] and [[Wikipedia:David Mitton|David Mitton]].<ref name="McCarthy Drum"/><ref name="Moody AWN"/> Turner and Mitton worked on the advertisement as its director and producer, respectively.{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=486}}
''Kipper'' was produced at [[Wikipedia:Clearwater Features|Clearwater Films]], a studio founded in the [[Wikipedia:Battersea|Battersea]] district of [[Wikipedia:London|London]] by former [[Wikipedia:AP Films|Century 21]] directors [[Wikipedia:Ken Turner (director)|Ken Turner]] and [[Wikipedia:David Mitton|David Mitton]].<ref name="McCarthy Drum"/><ref name="Moody AWN"/> Turner and Mitton worked on the advertisement as its director and producer, respectively.{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=486}}
Clearwater initially suggested building a detailed set "complete with wallpaper and carpets" for filming, but Watson wanted to direct it "simply", using "just the skirting board and a reflective floor."{{sfn|Bishop|1996|p=170}}{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=252}}
Clearwater initially suggested building a detailed set "complete with wallpaper and carpets" for filming, but Watson wanted to direct it "simply", using "just the skirting board and a reflective floor."{{sfn|Bishop|1996|p=170}}{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=252}}


Filming took place over the course of seventeen days. The stop motion LEGO models were built in stages during filming, with a few frames of footage being shot between each stage. Director Turner and his team planned out the timing for both the building sequences and for zooming and panning the camera, having to make sure the camera movement lined up with each stage of the models.{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}} Stop motion animation was done by Denis Russo, while camera work and lighting were done by Tom Harrison.<ref name="Cook 1981"/>{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=486}} The entire shoot was done in a single [[Wikipedia:Take|take]].{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}} Watson later likened the filming process to watching paint dry.{{sfn|Watson|2023}}
Filming took place over the course of seventeen days. The stop motion LEGO models were built in stages during filming, with a few frames of footage being shot between each stage. Director Turner and his team planned out the timing for both the building sequences and for zooming and panning the camera, having to make sure the camera movement lined up with each stage of the models.{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}} Stop motion animation was done by Denis Russo, while camera work and lighting were done by Tom Harrison.<ref name="Cook 1981"/>{{sfn|Myerson|Vickers|2002|p=486}} The entire shoot was done in a single [[Wikipedia:Take|take]].{{sfn|The One Club for Art and Copy|1982|p=86}} Watson later likened the filming process to watching paint dry.{{sfn|Watson|2023}}


For the advertisement's [[Wikipedia:Voice-over|voice-over]], TBWA\London initially considered using actor and comedian [[Wikipedia:Mike Reid (actor)|Mike Reid]] before deciding on entertainer [[Wikipedia:Tommy Cooper|Tommy Cooper]], as his voice had done well in [[Wikipedia:Market research|market research]] at the time.<ref name="Robinson 2000"/> Cooper was ill at the time of recording, however; Cooper's agent additionally advised Cozens and Watson to use [[Wikipedia:Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]] [[Wikipedia:Roger Kitter|Roger Kitter]] instead, telling them "For Christ's sake, don't use Tommy. He can't read and he'll totally screw it up."<ref name="Robinson 2000"/<ref name="Awdry blog"/> Kitter narrated the advertisement with an impersonation of Cooper, including using Cooper's catchphrase "just like that".<ref name="McCarthy Drum"/><ref name="Russel 2013"/> Audiences at the time were unable to tell Kitter's impression was not actually Cooper's voice;<ref name="Robinson 2000"/><ref name="McCarthy Drum"/> some later sources still listed Cooper as the ad's narrator.<ref name="Campaign article 949419"/><ref name="Saunders 1999"/><ref name="Herman 2012"/>
For the advertisement's [[Wikipedia:Voice-over|voice-over]], TBWA\London initially considered using actor and comedian [[Wikipedia:Mike Reid (actor)|Mike Reid]] before deciding on entertainer [[Wikipedia:Tommy Cooper|Tommy Cooper]], as his voice had done well in [[Wikipedia:Market research|market research]] at the time.<ref name="Robinson 2000"/> Cooper was ill at the time of recording, however; Cooper's agent additionally advised Cozens and Watson to use [[Wikipedia:Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]] [[Wikipedia:Roger Kitter|Roger Kitter]] instead, telling them, "For Christ's sake, don't use Tommy. He can't read and he'll totally screw it up."<ref name="Robinson 2000"/<ref name="Awdry blog"/> Kitter narrated the advertisement with an impersonation of Cooper, including using Cooper's catchphrase "just like that".<ref name="McCarthy Drum"/><ref name="Russel 2013"/> Audiences at the time were unable to tell Kitter's impression was not actually Cooper's voice;<ref name="Robinson 2000"/><ref name="McCarthy Drum"/> some later sources still listed Cooper as the ad's narrator.<ref name="Campaign article 949419"/><ref name="Saunders 1999"/><ref name="Herman 2012"/>


In a 2023 interview, Graham Watson shared some development materials from ''Kipper''. An earlier version of the script from 25 April does not feature the kipper-slipper [[Wikipedia:Mondegreen|mondegreen]] or the missile cruncher; instead, the fire engine is initially blue before turning red, and the kipper becomes a tractor to tow the missile.{{sfn|Watson|Cozens|1980}}
In a 2023 interview, Graham Watson shared some development materials from ''Kipper''. An earlier version of the script from 25 April does not feature the kipper-slipper [[Wikipedia:Mondegreen|mondegreen]] or the missile cruncher; instead, the fire engine is initially blue before turning red, and the kipper becomes a tractor to tow the missile.{{sfn|Watson|Cozens|1980}}


== Reception ==
== Broadcast and reception ==
According to ''[[Wikipedia:Campaign (magazine)|Campaign]]'''s website, "Kipper" first premiered on 29 October 1980.<ref name="Campaign article 949419"/> It aired during the 1980 Christmas season.<ref name="Bricks 'n Pieces 1981-1"/>
According to advertising magazine ''[[Wikipedia:Campaign (magazine)|Campaign]]'''s website, "Kipper" first premiered on 29 October 1980.<ref name="Campaign article 949419"/> It aired during the 1980 Christmas season.<ref name="Bricks 'n Pieces 1981-1"/>


In its Spring 1981 issue, ''[[Bricks 'n Pieces]]'' featured a photograph of Lyall holding the mouse model from ''Kipper''.<ref name="Bricks 'n Pieces 1981-1"/>
In its Spring 1981 issue, ''[[Bricks 'n Pieces]]'' featured a photograph of Lyall holding the mouse model from ''Kipper''.<ref name="Bricks 'n Pieces 1981-1"/>
In a 2016 interview, Mike Cozens stated that ''Kipper'' was still as funny as when it was first written, and that he preferred it over his "arty stuff".<ref name="Dye interview Cozens"/>
LEGO advertisements in the 1970s, like other toy commercials of that time, typically showed excited children playing with the toy while their mothers observed.
<ref name="Robinson 2000"/>
''Kipper'', meanwhile, featured no children or parents; TBWA\Worldwide's chairman and co-founder Uli Wiesendanger said that ''Kipper'' "put the mother and child into the same persona. In this commercial, unseen, they play the game together."<ref name="Kanner 1999"/>


''Kipper'' was featured in ''[[Wikipedia:The 100 Greatest TV Ads|The 100 Greatest TV Ads]]'' in April 2000, being voted at number 74 by [[Wikipedia:Channel 4|Channel 4]] viewers and ''[[Wikipedia:The Sunday Times|The Sunday Times]]'' readers.<ref name="Channel 4 100 list"/><ref name="Channel 4 100 video"/>
''Kipper'' was featured in ''[[Wikipedia:The 100 Greatest TV Ads|The 100 Greatest TV Ads]]'' in April 2000, being voted at number 74 by [[Wikipedia:Channel 4|Channel 4]] viewers and ''[[Wikipedia:The Sunday Times|The Sunday Times]]'' readers.<ref name="Channel 4 100 list"/><ref name="Channel 4 100 video"/>


Starting on 31 October 2008, ''Kipper'' was run in British cinemas for a month, launched with the film ''[[Wikipedia:Quantum of Solace|Quantum of Solace]]'', to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the modern [[LEGO brick]].<ref name="Campaign Kemp 2008"/><ref name="McCarthy Drum"/> In December 2009 it was run again, both in cinemas and on television for the first time since 1983.<ref name="Lego Parents"/>
Starting on 31 October 2008, ''Kipper'' was run in British cinemas for a month, launched with the film ''[[Wikipedia:Quantum of Solace|Quantum of Solace]]'', to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the modern [[LEGO brick]].<ref name="Campaign Kemp 2008"/><ref name="McCarthy Drum"/> In December 2009 it was run again, both in cinemas and on television for the first time since 1983.<ref name="Lego Parents"/>
In a 2016 interview, Mike Cozens stated that ''Kipper'' was still as funny as when it was first written, and that he preferred it over his "arty stuff".<ref name="Dye interview Cozens"/>


=== Awards ===
=== Awards ===
* 1980 − Voted "best TV commercial in the world" by Hollywood Radio & Television Society{{sfn|Watson|2023}}{{sfn|Denny|1980}}
* 1980 − Voted "best TV commercial in the world" by Hollywood Radio & Television Society.{{sfn|Watson|2023}}{{sfn|Denny|1980}}
* 1981 − [[Wikipedia:Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|Cannes Lions]] Grand Prix.<ref name="Russel 2013"/>
* 1981 − [[Wikipedia:Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|Cannes Lions]] Grand Prix.<ref name="Russel 2013"/>
* 1981 − Gold award for film advertising at the [[Wikipedia:Design and Art Direction|Designers and Art Directors Association Awards]].<ref name="Cook 1981"/>
* 1981 − Gold award for film advertising at the [[Wikipedia:Design and Art Direction|Designers and Art Directors Association Awards]].<ref name="Cook 1981"/>
Line 92: Line 96:
<ref name="Herman 2012">{{cite book |title=A Million Little Bricks |first=Sarah |last=Herman |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |location=[[Wikipedia:New York City|New York]] |isbn=978-1-62636-118-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/millionlittlebri0000herm/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><!--url is not the same version, oh well-->
<ref name="Herman 2012">{{cite book |title=A Million Little Bricks |first=Sarah |last=Herman |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |location=[[Wikipedia:New York City|New York]] |isbn=978-1-62636-118-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/millionlittlebri0000herm/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><!--url is not the same version, oh well-->


<!--ref name="Kanner 1999">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/100besttvcommerc00kann/page/90/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The 100 Best TV Commercials ...and Why They Worked |first=Bernice |last=Kanner |year=1999 |publisher=[[Wikipedia:Times Books|Times Books]] |location=[[Wikipedia:New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8129-2995-0 |pages=90-91}}</ref-->
<ref name="Kanner 1999">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/100besttvcommerc00kann/page/90/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The 100 Best TV Commercials ...and Why They Worked |first=Bernice |last=Kanner |year=1999 |publisher=[[Wikipedia:Times Books|Times Books]] |location=[[Wikipedia:New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8129-2995-0 |pages=90-91}}</ref>


<ref name="Lego Parents">{{cite web |title=Kipper Back in the Menu for LEGO UK |date=27 November 2009 |author=<!--none listed--> |url=http://parents.lego.com/en-gb/news/Kipper.aspx |website=[[LEGO.com]] Parents News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203163057/http://parents.lego.com/en-gb/news/Kipper.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Lego Parents">{{cite web |title=Kipper Back in the Menu for LEGO UK |date=27 November 2009 |author=<!--none listed--> |url=http://parents.lego.com/en-gb/news/Kipper.aspx |website=[[LEGO.com]] Parents News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203163057/http://parents.lego.com/en-gb/news/Kipper.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2009}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 09:43, 23 September 2025

Kipper
Frame from the advertisement showing the titular kipper (left) and the submarine
AgencyTBWA\London
ClientLEGO UK Ltd
LanguageEnglish
MediaTelevision
Running time45 seconds
Product
Release date(s)
  • 29 October 1980 (1980-10-29)[1]
Slogan
  • It's a new toy every day
Written by
  • Mike Cozens (copywriter)
  • Graham Watson (art director)
Directed byKen Turner
Starring
Production
company		Clearwater Films
Produced byDavid Mitton
CountryUnited Kingdom

Kipper is a British stop-motion television commercial first aired in 1980. It was conceived by Mike Cozens and Graham Watson at TBWA\London, produced by Clearwater Films, and directed by Ken Turner. Narrated by a Tommy Cooper sound-alike, the ad features two LEGO animals duelling by transforming into different things, demonstrating the versatility of the toy.

Summary

The advertisement features two LEGO creatures battling by changing into new forms to defeat the other. A small LEGO mouse, who narrates the film, is standing by a mousehole when a LEGO cat appears. The mouse turns into a dog to scare the cat, but the cat becomes a fire-breathing dragon; the dog then becomes a fire engine and extinguishes the dragon's flame. The back-and-forth transformation goes on as the two become a submarine that emerges from a puddle, a submarine-eating kipper (initially misheard as "slipper"), an "anti-kipper ballistic missile", a "missile cruncher", and finally an elephant. As the missile cruncher is about to be stepped on by the elephant, it changes back into a mouse, scaring the elephant and causing it to fall over.

Production

Kipper creators Graham Watson (left) and Mike Cozens c. 1980

Kipper was created by copywriter Mike Cozens and art director Graham Watson at the London branch of the advertising agency TBWA.[2][3] Cozens and Watson had joined TBWA\London together in February 1980 after leaving the Collett Dickenson Pearce agency; after pitching an ad for Knorr on their first day there, the two started writing the script for Kipper on their second day.[4][5][6] They developed a few print advertisements for LEGO UK Ltd before being briefed on the television project.[4] The commercial had to be created on a limited budget; Cozens and Watson did not want to resort to making a "dull" presenter-style commercial, and spent numerous late nights developing the concept and working with the accounting team to get script approval.[7]

Kipper's LEGO models were built by David Lyall, seen here holding the mouse

The LEGO models used in Kipper were created by David Lyall, a LEGO model designer at LEGO UK Ltd.[8][2] Lyall made two versions of each model: one glued version, and one to be assembled and disassembled during stop motion filming.[9] The largest model built for the advertisement, the dragon, contained around 20,000 LEGO bricks.[7]

The dragon model from Kipper; only its front half is visible in the advertisement

Kipper was produced at Clearwater Films, a studio founded in the Battersea district of London by former Century 21 directors Ken Turner and David Mitton.[10][11] Turner and Mitton worked on the advertisement as its director and producer, respectively.[12] Clearwater initially suggested building a detailed set "complete with wallpaper and carpets" for filming, but Watson wanted to direct it "simply", using "just the skirting board and a reflective floor."[13][3]

Filming took place over the course of seventeen days. The stop motion LEGO models were built in stages during filming, with a few frames of footage being shot between each stage. Director Turner and his team planned out the timing for both the building sequences and for zooming and panning the camera, having to make sure the camera movement lined up with each stage of the models.[7] Stop motion animation was done by Denis Russo, while camera work and lighting were done by Tom Harrison.[2][12] The entire shoot was done in a single take.[7] Watson later likened the filming process to watching paint dry.[4]

For the advertisement's voice-over, TBWA\London initially considered using actor and comedian Mike Reid before deciding on entertainer Tommy Cooper, as his voice had done well in market research at the time.[14] Cooper was ill at the time of recording, however; Cooper's agent additionally advised Cozens and Watson to use impressionist Roger Kitter instead, telling them, "For Christ's sake, don't use Tommy. He can't read and he'll totally screw it up."[15] Kitter narrated the advertisement with an impersonation of Cooper, including using Cooper's catchphrase "just like that".[10][16] Audiences at the time were unable to tell Kitter's impression was not actually Cooper's voice;[14][10] some later sources still listed Cooper as the ad's narrator.[1][17][18]

In a 2023 interview, Graham Watson shared some development materials from Kipper. An earlier version of the script from 25 April does not feature the kipper-slipper mondegreen or the missile cruncher; instead, the fire engine is initially blue before turning red, and the kipper becomes a tractor to tow the missile.[19]

Broadcast and reception

According to advertising magazine Campaign's website, "Kipper" first premiered on 29 October 1980.[1] It aired during the 1980 Christmas season.[8]

In its Spring 1981 issue, Bricks 'n Pieces featured a photograph of Lyall holding the mouse model from Kipper.[8]

In a 2016 interview, Mike Cozens stated that Kipper was still as funny as when it was first written, and that he preferred it over his "arty stuff".[6]

LEGO advertisements in the 1970s, like other toy commercials of that time, typically showed excited children playing with the toy while their mothers observed. [14] Kipper, meanwhile, featured no children or parents; TBWA\Worldwide's chairman and co-founder Uli Wiesendanger said that Kipper "put the mother and child into the same persona. In this commercial, unseen, they play the game together."[20]

Kipper was featured in The 100 Greatest TV Ads in April 2000, being voted at number 74 by Channel 4 viewers and The Sunday Times readers.[21][22]

Starting on 31 October 2008, Kipper was run in British cinemas for a month, launched with the film Quantum of Solace, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the modern LEGO brick.[23][10] In December 2009 it was run again, both in cinemas and on television for the first time since 1983.[24]

Awards

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Lego 'kipper' by TBWA". Campaign. London: Haymarket Media Group. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cook, Chris; Marshall, Anne (1981). The Guiness Book of Winners and Champions (2nd ed.). Enfield, London: Guiness Superlatives Limited. p. 5. ISBN 0-85112-218-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Myerson & Vickers 2002, p. 252.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Watson 2023.
  5. ↑ Hegarty 1979.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cozens, Mike (January 29, 2016). "INTERVIEW: Mike Cozens". Stuff From the Loft (Interview). Interviewed by Dave Dye. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2025.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 The One Club for Art and Copy 1982, p. 86.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Nicholls, Clive, ed. (Spring 1981). "A Merry Old Soul". Bricks 'n Pieces. No. 7. Wrexham, Clwyd: LEGO UK Ltd. p. 1.
  9. ↑ Watson, Cozens & Bearman 1980.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 McCarthy, John (June 14, 2022). "World's best ads ever #88: Lego lays the foundations for 40-year legacy with 'Kipper'". The Drum. Carnyx Group. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2025.
  11. ↑ Moody, Annemarie (May 28, 2008). "Children's TV Creator Dies Unexpectedly". Animation World Network. Van Nuys, California: Animation World Network. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2025.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Myerson & Vickers 2002, p. 486.
  13. ↑ Bishop 1996, p. 170.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Robinson, Mark (2000). 100 Greatest TV Ads. London: HarperCollins. p. 34. ISBN 0-00-711123-1.
  15. ↑ Awdry, Will (23 September 2020). "Watson and Cozens". willawdry.blog. Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 20 September 2025.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Russel, Peter; Slingerland, Senta, eds. (2013). Game Changers: The Evolution of Advertising. Cologne: Taschen. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-8365-4524-2.
  17. ↑ Saunders, Dave (1999). 20th Century Advertising. London: Carlton Books Limited. p. 113. ISBN 1-85868-520-6.
  18. ↑ Herman, Sarah (2012). A Million Little Bricks. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-118-8.
  19. ↑ Watson & Cozens 1980.
  20. ↑ Kanner, Bernice (1999). The 100 Best TV Commercials ...and Why They Worked. New York: Times Books. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-8129-2995-0.
  21. ↑ "The 100 Greatest TV Ads". Channel 4 Television. 2000. Archived from the original on 18 June 2001.
  22. ↑ The 100 Greatest TV Ads (Repeat airing on 29 August 2004). London: Channel 4. 29 April 2000. Event occurs at 39:45-40:25. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  23. ↑ Kemp, Ed (30 October 2008). "Lego brings back 80s 'Kipper' ad". Campaign. London: Haymarket Media Group. Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  24. ↑ "Kipper Back in the Menu for LEGO UK". LEGO.com Parents News. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009.
  25. ↑ Denny 1980.
  26. ↑ The One Club for Art and Copy 1982, p. 46.
  27. ↑ Marshall, Anne (1994). The Guinness Book of Winners. Enfield, London: Guinness Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 0-85112-791-6.
  28. ↑ Warlick, Mary, ed. (1990). "Finalists: Print, Radio, Television". Advertising's Ten Best Of The Decade 1980–1990. New York: The One Club for Art and Copy. p. 66. ISBN 0-929837-02-9.

Sources

External video
video icon 1980 Lego 'Kipper' via History of Advertising Trust on YouTube (this one is clearer but slightly squished)
video icon Kipper (2008 version) by TBWA Worldwide on Vimeo
video icon Kipper (New Zealand version) on YouTube
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